Revealed versus Potential Spatial Accessibility of Healthcare and Changing Patterns during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Spatial access to healthcare facilities (i.e., how long people need to travel to reach care) is important for understanding public health, but hard to measure. Most research so far has focused on theoretical (potential) travel times. Using anonymized smartphone location history data, we measure actual (revealed) travel times to healthcare facilities in over 100 countries. We find that revealed travel times exceed theoretical travel times in many regions of the world, meaning that in reality people travel longer to get healthcare. Our data also show that inequities in travel time became worse during the COVID-19 pandemic. When combined with other data, these results can help policymakers identify areas and populations at need, and direct resources to improve public health.